On November 11, 2024, a powerful earthquake measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale shook eastern Cuba, particularly affecting Santiago de Cuba and surrounding areas in the Granma province. This event has left an indelible mark on the island, with substantial structural damage, disrupted daily life, and critical infrastructure severely impacted. As one of the strongest quakes Cuba has experienced in decades, the event brought about landslides, building collapses, and widespread power outages, challenging both the resilience of the Cuban people and the responsiveness of government agencies.

Immediate Effects of the Earthquake on Eastern Cuba

The epicenter of the quake was near Santiago de Cuba, a city home to over half a million people. The city, renowned for its colonial buildings and rich history, faced extensive structural damage, particularly in older constructions with terracotta roofs and concrete walls. The tremors shook the city to its core, with buildings swaying, household items falling, and people rushing to find open spaces. Multiple reports emerged of damaged power lines and roads, while many homes, public spaces, and businesses bore the brunt of the quake.

The scale of this seismic activity was unprecedented for Cuba, where hurricanes are more common than earthquakes. Many residents, unfamiliar with such powerful tremors, were left unprepared for the experience. Local media documented instances of confusion and fear, as people sought information on how to stay safe and protect their families and properties.

The Government’s Swift Response

In response to the disaster, President Miguel Diaz-Canel addressed the nation, prioritizing the safety and security of all citizens. Emergency teams were dispatched immediately to assess the damage and provide relief. In collaboration with local authorities, these teams began clearing debris, repairing power lines, and restoring critical services. This quick response was crucial in mitigating further loss and ensuring aid reached the most vulnerable communities.

The government also mobilized Cuba’s extensive network of volunteer organizations, which has proven instrumental in past crises. This network includes local support groups and individual volunteers who work together to bring relief supplies and assistance to impacted areas. Volunteers tirelessly searched for trapped individuals, offered first aid, and delivered essential supplies such as food and water. This level of coordination between government agencies, local bodies, and community organizations exemplifies a communal spirit that has been a source of Cuban resilience through various hardships.

Historical Context and Recent Natural Disasters

The recent earthquake is one in a series of natural events that have tested Cuba’s disaster response. In October, Hurricane Oscar struck the eastern region, causing significant agricultural damage and displacing residents from low-lying areas. Soon after, Hurricane Rafael hit the western part of the country, leaving millions without power. This string of natural events has placed immense strain on Cuba’s resources, making the earthquake response all the more challenging.

Cuba’s geography makes it vulnerable to hurricanes, but earthquakes, though less common, have historically impacted the island’s eastern region. The recent events have drawn attention to the country’s need for strengthened disaster management strategies. Experts are urging Cuba to adopt more resilient building practices that can withstand both hurricanes and earthquakes, focusing especially on critical facilities like hospitals and schools. This approach is essential in a region increasingly vulnerable to natural disasters.

Socioeconomic Impact of the Earthquake

The economic effects of the earthquake are anticipated to be significant. Santiago de Cuba, in particular, is an essential center of Cuban tourism, celebrated for its cultural and historical sites. The damage to these landmarks, along with disruptions in the hospitality sector, could affect tourist numbers, impacting the local economy and employment rates. Resources that were already limited following the hurricane season will now be redirected toward earthquake recovery, further stressing the national budget.

In rural areas, particularly in Granma province, agricultural operations have suffered from landslides and ground shifts. These areas are crucial for food production, and the disruption could have long-term consequences for the nation’s food supply. Farmers are grappling with damage to their fields, equipment, and storage facilities, which may delay crop cycles and reduce yields. Given Cuba’s ongoing economic challenges, this sequence of natural disasters highlights the urgent need for external support and investment in disaster-proof infrastructure.

Community Resilience and Prospects for Long-term Change

Cuba’s strength in times of crisis has always been its resilient communities. Faced with hurricanes, economic challenges, and now a substantial earthquake, Cuban citizens have shown unwavering unity and mutual support. From individuals helping to clear rubble to community groups organizing local relief efforts, there is a profound sense of collective responsibility in aiding recovery.

This earthquake has also brought community leaders together to discuss strengthening buildings and increasing disaster awareness. Cuban architects and engineers are consulting with the government on cost-effective ways to make public and private structures more resilient to earthquakes. Using lighter materials, reinforcing walls, and modifying construction methods could prevent or minimize damage in future seismic events. These changes would not only protect lives but also reduce future costs associated with disaster recovery.

The Role of International Aid and Cooperation

Cuba’s economic situation means that international assistance will likely play a significant role in rebuilding efforts. Several countries and NGOs have expressed willingness to offer support, including medical supplies, construction materials, and expertise in earthquake-resistant building practices. Aid organizations experienced in disaster response are expected to assist in designing and implementing more resilient infrastructure over time.

The Cuban government has longstanding ties with various Latin American and African nations through its medical aid programs, which may result in reciprocal support during this crisis. Additionally, countries with advanced earthquake preparedness programs, such as Japan or Chile, could provide valuable insights or training to Cuban officials and engineers, helping the nation build better disaster resilience.

Moving Toward a Disaster-Prepared Cuba

As Cuba looks to the future, the November 11 earthquake serves as a poignant reminder of the importance of disaster preparedness. In light of this event, government officials are reviewing the country’s readiness for natural disasters, aiming to balance economic constraints with critical safety measures. The need for widespread public awareness campaigns and preparedness training has become evident. Such efforts, starting with local communities and extending to the national level, are necessary to prepare citizens for future challenges and to foster a culture of resilience.